Birth order and psychological functioning first born male children in a matrilineal society : Zambia : the Nsenga case

The effects of birth order (ordinal position) on psychological
functioning, as the, • relate to an individual's personality, were
investigated in a matrilineal society - the Nsenga - of Petauke District in the Eastern— Province: of Zambia. The main purpose of the study was to establish whether birth order has any significant contribution to how
individuals in lur^e f grilles and within the extended family system
function in relation to dependency, academic performance and manual
skills.
i.First born boy a aged between 12 and 15 years were compared with third born boys with similar backgrounds and academic levels on dependency, academic performance and manual skill. Additionally, first
borns were compared with third borns on level of anxiety before and after
an anxiety arousing situation. Dependency was also measured experimentally
fathers and father surrogates of the rural sample of boys were asked to
indicate their dependency/independence expectations of their first born
Questionnaires were used for measuring dependency in the survey study an
for fathers' expectations. For the academic performance comparisons
were made from results of two previous tests. In manual skill, subjects
made sisal string. Apart from the experimental study of dependency,
subjects for the survey part were drawn from a rural sample. Subjects
for the experimental part were drawn from two Lusaka Primary Schools in
high density area:.
Results on dependancy both in the survey and experimental studies show that first borns are mere dependent than third borns (t=8«3» dt=9<Jj
P/.05; F=69.36, :lfl, 9o, P/^.05; and X2=9.69, df=1, P^.05) respectively.
On academic performance, there are no significant differences between
first borns and third borns although the means show a tendency of better

Performance by the first borns (t-1.09, df=98, P/=05; F=1.190, df=1,98 P/.C.
means of 3c°>(> arid ;-;>j respectively). Performance on manual skill shows that first borns are better than third borns (t=Ji.if6, df=98,Py^O^" F-19.86, clt=1,9c, Py'0C5)« Parental expectations also show a
tendency towards dependacy as seen in 468/800 responses for dependency.
On the measure of level of anxiety after experimental manipulation of results shows that that first borns1 level of anxiety is higher than that of third borns after the presentation of an anxiety arousing
stimulus.
These findings have been interpreted as suggesting that birth order importantly. affects psychological functioning of individuals in this culture on dependancy, manual skill and proneness to anxiety in
threatening situation,but that birth order seems to have no impact on academic performance