A food systems approach to design a risk-based food control border framework for Zambia: a case study of Nakonde and Chirundu one-stop border posts (OSBP)

This study investigates the effectiveness of food safety control systems at Zambia’s border posts, focusing on institutional capacities, infrastructure readiness, and inter-agency coordination.
Against the backdrop of increasing regional trade under frameworks such as the AfCFTA, and persistent challenges in preventing foodborne hazards, this research provides a thematic analysis of systemic gaps compromising food safety governance at border points. Using a qualitative case study design, data were collected through key informant interviews with officials from regulatory agencies, supported by policy document reviews. Findings reveal four interlinked themes: (1) Human Resource Constraints, including severe staffing shortages and dual responsibilities, limiting oversight and responsiveness; (2) Infrastructure and Technology Gaps, such as the absence of dedicated sample transport, laboratory space, cargo scanners, and reliable internet connectivity; (3) Coordination and Information Exchange Deficits, particularly poor communication between border and inland teams and limited feedback mechanisms; and (4) Policy and Operational Inefficiencies, marked by fragmented mandates, lack of risk profiling, and minimal automation in back-office operations. The research highlights how these structural and functional weaknesses compromise Zambia’s compliance with international food safety norms and impede timely interventions at points of entry. The study concludes with a call for enhanced investment in border inspection infrastructure, institutional mandate alignment, targeted staffing reforms, and the adoption of integrated risk based frameworks. It recommends a coordinated national approach aligned with Codex principles and WTO SPS requirements to ensure effective food control and trade facilitation. The findings contribute to evidence-based policymaking for strengthening Zambia’s food safety systems within regional and global trade ecosystems.